PSU Financial Formula Vault
High-yield mathematical formulations, valuation models, and ratio cheat sheets powered by MathJax LaTeX rendering.
Financial Ratio Analysis
Key solvency, liquidity, turnover, and profitability ratios tested in PSU exams.
DuPont 3-Point ROE Analysis
Breaks down Return on Equity into Net Profit Margin × Asset Turnover × Financial Leverage Multiplier.
Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR)
Measures how easily a company can pay interest on outstanding debt using its operating earnings.
Quick Ratio (Acid-Test)
Rigorous liquidity measure excluding less liquid inventory and prepaid costs.
Corporate Finance & Cost of Capital
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), CAPM, and dividend discount valuations.
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
Determines expected return on equity based on risk-free rate (Rf), systematic risk (Beta), and market risk premium.
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
Overall cost of capital weighted by proportions of equity and after-tax cost of debt.
Gordon Growth Model (Cost of Equity)
Valuation of equity with perpetual constant growth rate (g) and next expected dividend (D1).
Working Capital Management
Operating cycle, inventory optimization, and cash balance models.
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
Where A = Annual Demand, O = Ordering Cost per order, and C = Carrying Cost per unit per year.
Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC)
Days Inventory Outstanding (DIO) + Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) - Days Payable Outstanding (DPO).
Marginal Costing & Break-Even Analysis
CVP analysis, profit-volume ratio, and margin of safety.
Profit-Volume (P/V) Ratio
Key sensitivity metric indicating contribution earned per rupee of sales.
Break-Even Point (Units & Value)
Sales volume at which total revenues equal total costs (zero profit/zero loss).
Margin of Safety (MOS)
Cushion of actual sales over break-even point that can drop before experiencing a loss.
Leverage Analysis
Operating, financial, and combined leverage computations.
Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL)
Quantifies business risk resulting from fixed operating costs.
Degree of Financial Leverage (DFL)
Quantifies financial risk resulting from fixed financial charges/interest.
Degree of Combined Leverage (DCL)
Total risk exposure of the firm combining operating and financial leverage.