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PSU Financial Formula Vault

High-yield mathematical formulations, valuation models, and ratio cheat sheets powered by MathJax LaTeX rendering.

Financial Ratio Analysis

Key solvency, liquidity, turnover, and profitability ratios tested in PSU exams.

DuPont 3-Point ROE Analysis

$$\text{ROE} = \left(\frac{\text{Net Income}}{\text{Revenue}}\right) \times \left(\frac{\text{Revenue}}{\text{Assets}}\right) \times \left(\frac{\text{Assets}}{\text{Equity}}\right)$$

Breaks down Return on Equity into Net Profit Margin × Asset Turnover × Financial Leverage Multiplier.

Financial Ratio Analysis

Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR)

$$\text{ICR} = \frac{\text{EBIT}}{\text{Interest Expense}}$$

Measures how easily a company can pay interest on outstanding debt using its operating earnings.

Financial Ratio Analysis

Quick Ratio (Acid-Test)

$$\text{Quick Ratio} = \frac{\text{Current Assets} - \text{Inventories} - \text{Prepaid Expenses}}{\text{Current Liabilities}}$$

Rigorous liquidity measure excluding less liquid inventory and prepaid costs.

Financial Ratio Analysis

Corporate Finance & Cost of Capital

Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), CAPM, and dividend discount valuations.

Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)

$$K_e = R_f + \beta \times (R_m - R_f)$$

Determines expected return on equity based on risk-free rate (Rf), systematic risk (Beta), and market risk premium.

Corporate Finance & Cost of Capital

Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)

$$\text{WACC} = \left(\frac{E}{V} \times K_e\right) + \left(\frac{D}{V} \times K_d \times (1 - T)\right)$$

Overall cost of capital weighted by proportions of equity and after-tax cost of debt.

Corporate Finance & Cost of Capital

Gordon Growth Model (Cost of Equity)

$$P_0 = \frac{D_1}{K_e - g} \implies K_e = \frac{D_1}{P_0} + g$$

Valuation of equity with perpetual constant growth rate (g) and next expected dividend (D1).

Corporate Finance & Cost of Capital

Working Capital Management

Operating cycle, inventory optimization, and cash balance models.

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

$$\text{EOQ} = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times A \times O}{C}}$$

Where A = Annual Demand, O = Ordering Cost per order, and C = Carrying Cost per unit per year.

Working Capital Management

Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC)

$$\text{CCC} = \text{DIO} + \text{DSO} - \text{DPO}$$

Days Inventory Outstanding (DIO) + Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) - Days Payable Outstanding (DPO).

Working Capital Management

Marginal Costing & Break-Even Analysis

CVP analysis, profit-volume ratio, and margin of safety.

Profit-Volume (P/V) Ratio

$$\text{P/V Ratio} = \frac{\text{Contribution}}{\text{Sales}} = \frac{\text{Change in Profit}}{\text{Change in Sales}} \times 100$$

Key sensitivity metric indicating contribution earned per rupee of sales.

Marginal Costing & Break-Even Analysis

Break-Even Point (Units & Value)

$$\text{BEP (Units)} = \frac{\text{Fixed Cost}}{\text{Contribution per Unit}}, \quad \text{BEP (Value)} = \frac{\text{Fixed Cost}}{\text{P/V Ratio}}$$

Sales volume at which total revenues equal total costs (zero profit/zero loss).

Marginal Costing & Break-Even Analysis

Margin of Safety (MOS)

$$\text{Margin of Safety} = \text{Actual Sales} - \text{Break-Even Sales} = \frac{\text{Profit}}{\text{P/V Ratio}}$$

Cushion of actual sales over break-even point that can drop before experiencing a loss.

Marginal Costing & Break-Even Analysis

Leverage Analysis

Operating, financial, and combined leverage computations.

Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL)

$$\text{DOL} = \frac{\text{Contribution}}{\text{EBIT}} = \frac{\% \Delta \text{EBIT}}{\% \Delta \text{Sales}}$$

Quantifies business risk resulting from fixed operating costs.

Leverage Analysis

Degree of Financial Leverage (DFL)

$$\text{DFL} = \frac{\text{EBIT}}{\text{EBT}} = \frac{\% \Delta \text{EPS}}{\% \Delta \text{EBIT}}$$

Quantifies financial risk resulting from fixed financial charges/interest.

Leverage Analysis

Degree of Combined Leverage (DCL)

$$\text{DCL} = \text{DOL} \times \text{DFL} = \frac{\text{Contribution}}{\text{EBT}}$$

Total risk exposure of the firm combining operating and financial leverage.

Leverage Analysis
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